Vitro Cultivation Liquid Medium

Question: Discuss about the Vitro Cultivation Liquid Medium. Answer: Introduction: Gaseous exchange is the process which gasses are transferred in an opposite direction across a respiratory surface. This is also the process through which carbon dioxide and oxygen move between blood and the lungs. Lampreys are fish that are in the super class of Cyclostomata. It is also a jawless fish (Coyle 70). These fish have one nostril and seven pores of gills on both sides of the head. The gaseous exchange happens when water is pumped in and out of the gill pouches instead of passing it through the mouth. Teleost fish have a movable jawbone. This enables them to catch their prey. Gaseous exchange in teleost happens over the gills surface (Teisson and Alvard 112). Water gets into the mouth and then it is pumped through the gills. Its body does not have oxygen reserves but have a swim bladder that store little amount of air. Some teleost inhabits low oxygen areas such as wet mud and stagnant areas. In order to support their gaseous exchange in these areas, they have developed tissues. Amphibians do have a skin has glandular and has no feathers hairs or scales. The skin of amphibians is also permeable and this allows gas and water exchange. The gaseous exchange happens in the lungs. It inhales oxygen and exhales out carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchange in birds is different from other vertebrates. This is because birds have small lungs. They also have air sacs that do not play a direct role in the gaseous exchange. They also have two respiratory cycles. The containing high content of oxygen moves in a directly opposite direction from the lungs. Osmoregulatory Challenges Osmoregulatory challenges of both terrestrial and aquatic animals include osmotic regulation, ionic regulation, and nitrogenous secretion. Consequences brought by osmoregulatory challenges are that the changes that occur in the cell volume can be damaging to cells (Furusawa 166).Another challenge is that the cells that have been exposed to osmotic gradients can either swell or shrink. Aquatic animals can regulate these challenges by obtaining water against gradients of osmosis and by expelling electrochemical gradients. Terrestrial animals can regulate by obtaining ions from their diet and avoiding water loss. Freshwater fish face osmoregulatory challenges of losing many minerals and the absorption of water through their exposed body surfaces through osmosis. They overcome this challenge by excreting a lot of dilute urine and through the absorption of minerals through monocyte cells that are found in their gill membrane (Mouro, Caroline, and Elisabeth Schwartz 100). Marine cartilaginous fish face challenges due to the fact that the osmolality is similar to the sea water, They overcome this challenges by excreting urine through osmosis and the fact that the salt that diffuse into their body is removed by the kidneys. Air breathing fish change their surroundings and are able to cope with challenges by altering their way of osmoregulation. Adult amphibians have an osmoregulatory challenge since they are isosmotic and do not know how to regulate their osmolality, they adapt to this by losing all their water and adapting to a state known as anhydrobiosis. Marine reptiles and birds take in seawa ter to get a supply of seawater but face the challenge of not being able to remove concentrated urine. They, however, have specialized glands of removing salt from their body (Frayn 30). Work cited Coyle, M. (Mhairi). The Gaseous Exchange Of Ozone At Terrestrial Surfaces. 1st ed. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2016: 67- 87. Print. Teisson, C., and D. Alvard. "A new concept of plant in vitro cultivation liquid medium: temporary immersion." Current issues in plant molecular and cellular biology.Springer Netherlands, 1995.105-110.Print. Mouro, Caroline, and Elisabeth Schwartz. "Protease Inhibitors From Marine Venomous Animals And Their Counterparts In Terrestrial Venomous Animals". Marine Drugs 11.6 (2013): 69-112. Web. Frayn, K. N. "Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange." Journal of applied physiology 55.2 (2013): 28-34. Print.